Disembodiment
Outline:
I:
Introduction
II:
The Obesity Problem
A:
Classifying the Problem
i: A Disease?
a: Yes
Judith
Stern and Alexandra Kazaks (Contemporary World Issues: Obesity)
-“It is generally accepted that
a disease must have at least two of the following three features: (1)
recognized etiologic agents, (2) identifiable signs and symptoms, and
(3) consistent anatomical alterations. Obesity meets all three
criteria”
-The etiological agents include:
metabolic, physiologic, genetic, social, behavioral, and cultural
factors
-some identifiable signs and
symptoms include: an excess accumulation of fat tissue as well as
increased risk of breathing problems, high blood glucose, and
abnormal cholesterol levels
-anatomic alterations include a
high percentage of body fat
b: No
Judith
Stern and Alexandra Kazaks (Contemporary World Issues: Obesity)
-“obesity-associated disorders
are not necessarily caused by increased body weight”
-“a particular disease or
treatment for disease may actually promote obesity
-hazardous weight loss practices
and repeated loss and regain of weight is a major contributor to
obesity-related diseases
-“not all obese people are
unhealthy…calling obesity a medical problem reduces individual
responsibility for maintaining a healthy weight”
-“when obesity is considered a
disease it implies that individuals have no control over what is
happening to their weight and health”
-“The American Medical
Association (AMA) continues to recognize obesity as a major public
health threat that requires great attention; however, it does not
classify obesity as a disease”
ii: An Epidemic?
a: Yes
- Mary
Gavin and the editors of TeensHealth.org (Health: Opposing
Viewpoints p69-76)
- “Being overweight is not only
a matter of appearance but also a matter for health”
-BMI is used to determine the
relationship between the body fat content and health concerns
-Many diseases arise from being
obese such as: Blount's disease [deforms bones in lower body
from excess weight during developmental periods], Arthritis,
Slipped capital femoral epiphyses (SCFE) [Painful hip problem
that needs immediate attention and surgery], Asthma, Sleep
apnea [when a person may stop breathing during sleep], High
blood pressure, High cholesterol, Gallstones
[hardened bile in gallbladder], Fatty liver [when fat
accumulates in the liver], Pseudotumor cerebri [severe
headaches caused by obesity in teens and adults], Polycystic ovary
syndrome (PCOS) [elevated testosterone levels in bloodstream
causing abnormal menstrual cycles], Insulin resistance and
diabetes, and depression.
Judith Stern and
Alexandra Kazaks (Contemporary World Issues: Obesity)
-more diseases: hypertention,
and endometrium, breast, prostate, kidney, and colon cancers
-Increased risk of death of baby
and mother, high-weight infants, and birth defects in obese pregnant
women
-limits mobility and decreases
physical activity
-“Epidemiologists define an
epidemic as the occurrence in a specified area of an illness or other
health-related events in excess of what would normally be expected.
Disease and epidemics occur as a result of the interaction of three
factors: agent, host, and environment. Agents (too much food) cause
the disease (extra body fat), hosts are genetically susceptible, and
environmental conditions (easy access to high-calorie foods and
reduced need to be active) permit host exposure to the agent”
b: No
- Patrick
Basham (Health: Opposing Viewpoints p77-82)
-There is no obesity epidemic,
politicians and the diet industry have manipulated statistics
-CDC claimed nearly 400,000
obesity related deaths in 2004, later research revealed the number at
being only 25,814
-Are the obesity epidemic
claims and prevention movements adding to the obesity problem?
-There is no childhood obesity
epidemic and from 2004-2005 there was a decline in childhood obesity
rates
-Programs designed to treat
problem, more often than not, exacerbate it rather than help it
- “When the [US] government
decided that obesity was 'a critical health problem in this country
that causes millions of American to suffer unnecessary health
problems and to die prematurely,' your right to decide what, where,
and how much to eat disappeared”
-A little exaggerated claim
-obesity hasn't been empirically
proven as the cause of the various afflictions it has been linked to
iii: A Different Type
Of Epidemic
-Even
though the mortality rates of obesity were over exaggerated and that
some statistical claims were disproved, over half the population in
the US is still overweight or obese and the problem is growing beyond
the borders of the United States.
a. Discrimination and
its Consequences
Judith
Stern and Alexandra Kazaks (Contemporary World Issues: Obesity)
-discrimination: obese people
“endure widespread stigma and discrimination in social, academic,
and job situations”
-obese individuals viewed as less
competent and lacking in self-discipline
-harassment and rejection by
peers at school
-fear of weight bias in medical
settings and from medical professionals
-these stigmas and biases “can
lead to a number of psychological problems that add to physical
difficulties”
Rebecca Puhl (The Oxford
Handbook of The Social Science of Obesity p553-571)
-”Weight-based stigmatization,
or 'weight bias,' occurs in many domains of daily living and poses
significant and debilitating consequences for emotional well-being,
social functioning, and physical health”
-obese people seen as lazy,
lacking in self-discipline, lacking in willpower, impulsive,
incompetent, unmotivated, non-compliant, and sloppy
-Employment Weight-bias:
inequities in hiring, wages,
promotions, job termination, and negative attitudes from co-workers
“overweight job applicants and
employees are evaluated more negatively and have more negative
emloyment outcomes compared to non-overweight applicants, even with
identical qualifications, education, and credential”
fewer hiring recommendations,
lower qualification/suitability ratings, lower salary assignments,
more disciplinary decisions, worse placement decisions, and more
negative personality ratings
obese men face as much as 3%
wage penalties and women u to 6%
weight discrimination reports:
overweight adults 12 times more likely, obese adults 37 times more
likely, severely obese adults 100 times more likely
-Health Care Settings:
seen as non-compliant,
unsuccessful, unintelligent, and dishonest
“physicians report lower
respect for their obese patients”
some physicians believe obesity
“can be prevented by self-control, that it is a non-compliance
which explains their failure to lose weight (rather than limitations
of existing treatment approaches), and that obesity is caused by
emotional problems”
“providers spend less time in
appointments with obese patients, engage in less discussion with
obese patients, assign more negative symptoms to obese patients,
provide less health education with obese patients, and intervene less
with obese patients”
in a survey of 2,400 obese
patients 69% reported weight stigma from a doctor and 52% reported
that it happened on multiple occasions
doctors are the second most
common source of weight bias
-Educational Settings:
“lower educational attainment
and achievement among obese students compared to thinner peers”
“weight-based teasing is
significantly associated with poorer school performance”
obese students are ascribed
various stereotypes, less likely to have friends, excluded in peer
activities, and are socially isolated
weight stigmatization from
educators take the form that “obese students are untidy, less
likely to succeed, more emotional, and more likely to have family
problems than thinner persons”
-Interpersonal Relationships:
“weight descriptors such as
'obese,' 'overweight,' or 'fat' primed negative stereotypes about the
target and less desire by respondents to date the target”
overweight women are ranked as
“the least desirable sexual partner when compared to partners with
various disabilities”
family members are the most
frequent source of weight stigma, in a study of 2,400 people 72%
reported negative stigmas from families which included “weight-based
teasing, name calling, and inappropriate, pejorative comments” from
mothers (53%), fathers (44%), sisters (37%), brothers (36%), sons
(20%), and daughters (18%)
in the study of 2,400 patients
60% of participants reported negative weight stigmas from friends
-Media Biases:
“overweight characters are
often depicted in stereotypical roles, as the target of humor and
ridicule, engaging in unhealthy eating behaviors, and rarely engaging
in positive romantic and social relationships”
“In children's cartoons,
socially desirable traits are ascribed to thin characters, and
undesirable traits are associated with overweight characters, who are
often portrayed as being unattractive, unintelligent, unhappy, eating
junk food, and engaging in physical aggression”
“exposure to these negative
messages in the media may reinforce bias among youth”
the news coverage of “individual
causes and solutions significantly outnumber other societal and
environmental contributors to obesity” and as a result “the focus
on personal responsibility overshadows other important causes of the
obesity epidemic, and easily leads to blame of obese individuals and
public perceptions that obesity is simply a matter of personal
willpower”
“The emphasis on
individual-level causes and solutions for obesity may also contribute
to the plethora of news stories emerging which have reported that
obese people are partially to blame for rising fuel prices, global
warming, and causing weight gain in their friend, among other adverse
outcomes”
-Emotional Consequences:
overweight youths who are
discriminated against are two to three times more likely to engage in
suicidal thoughts and behaviors
b: Functioning
Impairment
-Neil Mehta
and Virginia Chang (The Oxford Handbook of The Social Science of
Obesity p502-516)
-Class II/III obesity (BMI
>34.9) was the only BMI category associated with significant and
positive attributable mortality
-Over half of American
adults are over weight or class I obese
-Although some
health-related risk factors among the overweight and mildly obese
could be declining, there is evidence of a parallel increase in
disability among the obese
-Julie Guthman (Weighing
In: Obesity, Food Justice, and the Limits of Capitalism)
- Even though obesity isn't an
established cause of the risk factors associated with it, obesity
still causes impaired functioning and makes one susceptible to
certain diseases.
- “The use of risk
factors makes it particularly difficult to pinpoint where the
pathology lies. That gives space to the possibility that obesity is a
weak proxy for some underlying pathology”
-From 1980-2008 trends in
overweight children
-ages 2-5: 5.0%- 10.4%
-ages 6-11: 6.5%-19.6%
-ages 12-19: 5.0%-19.1%
Rebecca
Puhl (The Oxford Handbook of The Social Science of Obesity
p553-571)
-”obese youth displayed
significantly lower health-related quality of life on multiple areas,
including physical health, psychosocial health, emotional and social
well-being, and school functioning”
c: Economic
Consequences
John Cawley
(The Oxford Handbook of The Social Science of Obesity p120-137)
-Obesity cost can be classified
as being direct or indirect
-Direct costs (2008): Health
care costs
-obesity-related illnesses: $147
billion
-Medicare: $19.7 billion
-Medicaid: $8 billion
-inpatient costs: $237.6 million
-childhood obesity: $14.1
billion
-10% of all medical spending in
US
-Indirect costs:vLabor market
consequences
-Obesity-related job
absenteeism: $4.3 billion
-$506 per obese person drop rate
in productivity
Eric Finkelstein and Hae Yang
(The Oxford Handbook of The Social Science of Obesity p495-501)
-people with BMI levels of 30 and
over have 17-24% more physician visits that normal weight individuals
-48% more inpatient days per year
-36% higher medical costs
-77% increase in prescription
drug spending
-morbidly obese people (BMI>
34.9) spend $1,680 more annually that obese patients
-$175 per year of taxpayer
dollars go towards obesity-related medical expenditures and programs
-Medicare spends 34% more money
on obese patients than normal weight patients
Susan Averett (The Oxford
Handbook of The Social Science of Obesity p531-552)
- “If obesity results in poor
health, that may translate into an increased absenteeism and lower
productivity”
-Morbidly obese women are118%
more likely to miss work, Obese women 61%, overweight women 32%
B:
What Are the Causes?
i: Overeating
Julie
Guthman (Weighing In: Obesity, Food Justice, and the Limits of
Capitalism)
-energy balance model: people eat
more calories than they burn
-no empirical evidence that
people have been increasing their calorie intake
-Americans have been eating
processed food, high in simple carbohydrates and lots of fats for
most of the 20th century, and obesity rates have only
spike towards the end of the 20th century to present times
At its most superficial level,
overeating is the cause of obesity; however, we can ask “What is
the cause of over-eating?” and we begin to see a much more complex
problem involving many factors.
Kristina Elfhag et. Al
(Family links of eating behavior in normal weight and overweight
children p491-500)
-Three aspects of eating
behaviors:
1)Restrained- “conscious
determination and efforts to restrict food intake and calories in
order to control body weight”
2)Emotional- “an
inclination to eat in response to negative emotions”
3)External- “eating in
response to external food cues appealing to the senses” e.g visual
characteristics, portion sizes, and varieties of food
-”External and emotional eating
are considered more disruptive than restrained eating as they are
associated with a tendency to overeating and higher body weight”
ii: Emotional and
Psychological Issues
a: Depression and
Obesity
Ellen
Grandberg (The Oxford Handbook of The Social Science of Obesity
p329-349)
-the relation between obesity and
depression is a moderate one “whose size and intensity likely
fluctuates between individuals and groups and across individual
biographies and community histories”
-research focused on adolescents
“generally identify positive associations between body weight and
depression are stronger for girls than boys”
- Caucasian females “are
especially concerned about weight and consequently uniquely
vulnerable to experiencing depression as a result of obesity”
-”Studies assessing the
prospective relationship between depression and subsequent obesity
have also produced results suggesting that both a diagnosis of major
depressive disorder or reports of elevated depressive symptoms
predict an increased risk of obesity across time”
-”depression during childhood
and adolescence is associated wih higher BMI and elevated risk of
obesity by early to mid-adulthood”
-evidence suggests that “weight
is associated with depression across time and that depression may be
an early warning indicator of obesity risk”
b: Mood, Attitude, and
Eating Behaviors
Almut Zeecl et. al.
(Emotion and Eating in Binge Eating Disorder and Obesity)
-”negative mood often precedes
binge eating episodes”
-”binge eating is seen as the
result of an escape from unpleasant states, especially from 'the
awareness of the self's shortcomings, creating negative affect such
as anxiety and depression' – and represents a maladaptive way of
coping”
-”different emotions may
increase or decrease eating in the same person (e.g.: boredom
increases and sadness decreases appetite)”
-”anger/frustration, anxiety,
sadness/depression accounted for 95% of the antecedent moods
preceding a binge”
-negative emotions related with
interaction with others seem to be relevant in emotional-eating
patterns
-”anger is experienced as
especially threatening and possibly damaging to relationships,
resulting in its suppression or regulation through eating”
-”eating is used as a strategy
to regulate or escape negative emotions”
Rebecca Puhl (The Oxford
Handbook of The Social Science of Obesity p553-571)
-”It may be that experiences of
stigma lead to psychological distress, which in turn increases
vulnerability of binge-eating patterns, or that individuals who
internalize negative weight-based stigma are more vulnerable to
binge-eating patterns”
iii: Genetics and
Family Influences
a: Genetic Influences
Julie
Guthman (Weighing In: Obesity, Food Justice, and the Limits of
Capitalism)
-”since fat people have fat
dogs and cats, the increase in obesity can't be because of genetics”
-”The glacial pace of
evolutionary change simply does not square with an abrupt rise in
obesity since 1980”
-Certain extreme cases of obesity
have been related to genetic mutations that affect leptin
distribution in the body. “Bodies without leptin 'think' they are
in a state of starvation and thus will eat more”.
-less than 5% of obese people are
considered to have this gene mutation
-genetic abnormalities result
from various environmental toxins and chemicals in many
pharmaceuticals that effects the endocrine system.
-leptin resistances results in
leptin not being able to suppress appetite
-insufficient adiponectin results
in high resistances to insulin resulting in higher obesity and
diabetes levels
-endocrine-disrupting chemicals,
EDCs,have been associated with “developmental changes (precocious
puberty), reproductive disorders (low sperm count, infertility),
behavioral disorders such as attention deficit hyperactive disorder
(ADHD), and various cancers (breast, testicular, vaginal,
prostrate)”.
Colin Waine (Obesity and
Weight Management in Primary Care)
-”Children of families where
one or both parents are obese are certainly at increased risk of
becoming obese themselves”
Judith Stern and Alexandra
Kazaks (Contemporary World Issues: Obesity)
- Only about ten children in the
world have a severe leptin deficiency
-”most obese people already
have high levels of leptin in their bloodstream” and that
“injecting more of the hormone simply has no effect”
-”sleep deprivation enhances
the release of peptides [called ghrelin] that produce hunger”
-”Genes themselves do not make
a person obese or thin. They merely determine which individuals are
susceptible to weight gain in response to environmental factors”
-the 'thrifty gene' hypothesis:
“The same genes that made it easier for our ancestors to survive
occasional lack of food are now being challenged by environments in
which food is always plentiful”
-genes may influence a number of
things such as: poor regulation of appetite, a tendency to overeat,
a more sedentary lifestyle, reduced ability to use fats as fuel
-”Family history reflects the
genetic background and environmental exposures shared by close
relatives” and can help determine one's susceptibility of
obesity-related disorders
-the genetic tendency of obesity
is both metabolic and behavioral
-“Even when people have a
genetic tendency to gain weight, overeating and inactivity are the
main causes of obesity. The gene pool has not changed, but eating
habits have”
b: Family Influences
Kristina Elfhag et. Al
(Family links of eating behavior in normal weight and overweight
children p491-500)
-”Eating disorders in mothers
have been associated with more problematic feeding of their infant
offspring(1), as well as eating problems for their children at
various ages(2-7)”
-”children's food intake mainly
reflects the food intake of their parents”
-”Overweight parents had a
lower level of education than normal weight parents”
-parents influence restrained and
emotional eating behaviors
-”eating behaviors that will
eventually contribute to healthy and unhealthy food habits are formed
in childhood”
-”One major source for forming
eating behaviors are the eating behaviors the children observe and
adopt from their parents through modelling”
-External eating behaviors “was
most shared between parents and their children and to the greatest
extent for overweight children”
-”The effect sizes in the
family links were moderate for external eating and somewhat lower for
emotional and restrained eating”
iv: Society and
Environmental Influences
a: Economic Status
b: Peers and
Attractiveness
Almut Zeecl
et. al. (Emotion and Eating in Binge Eating Disorder and Obesity)
-”negative and stressful
emotions in relationships with others might be a trigger as well as a
maintaining factor for binge eating behavior”
Rebecca Puhl (The Oxford
Handbook of The Social Science of Obesity p553-571)
-”weight bias increases risk
for unhealthy eating behaviors, avoidance of physical activity, and
poorer outcomes in weight loss treatment”
-”overweight youth who are
teased about their weight are more likely to engage in binge-eating
and unhealthy weight control behaviors compared to overweight peers
who are not teased”
-Adults who report weight-based
stigmas “engage in more frequent binge-eating behaviors, are more
likely to be diagnosed with binge eating disorder, and are more
likely to have maladaptive eating patterns and eating disorder
symptoms”
-”Stigma-induced psychological
stress may also lead to maladaptive coping strategies that reinforce
unhealthy eating behaviors”
-”in a sample of over 2,400
overweight and obese women, 79% reported that they coped with weight
stigma on multiple occasions by eating more food, and 75% reported
coping by refusing to diet”
-”Among overweight youth,
weight-based teasing has been linked to lower levels of physical
activity, negative attitudes about sports, and less participation in
physical activity”
-”Among adults, recent research
shows that adults who report experiences of weight stigma are more
likely to avoid exercise, and have less motivation for exercise”
-stigmas are a significant
barrier in efforts to address epidemics because stigmas undermine
public health
-”There are widespread societal
perceptions that obese individuals are at fault for their excess
weight, and thus deserving of blame, which often reinforces
stigmatization”
c:Marketing, Media,
and Capitalism/Industrialism
Franco
Sassi (Obesity and the Economics of Prevention: Fit not Fat)
- “The mass production of food
has changed both the quality and availability of food over time, with
major effects on food prices and convenience of consumption from
technological innovation. Falling relative prices of food contributed
to up to 40% of the increase in BMI over the period 1976 to 1994 in
the United States”. (p121)
-”agricultural policies... may
have raised the relative prices of healthy foods, such as fruits and
vegetables, and lowered the relative price of less healthy foods,
such as fats and sugars”
-convenience of fast food
restaurants and the increased sophistication of marketing ads
continue to contribute to the growing epidemic
-Increased stationary job
demands, town planning, and traffic regulations play a significant
part of the growing inactivity in the US leading to higher obesity
rates.
Kristina Elfhag et. Al
(Family links of eating behavior in normal weight and overweight
children p491-500)
-”The overall social and
cultural environment, including advertisements that display and
encourage the consumption of food and snacks, also constitute a
source of influence. The highly palatable foods advertised may
promote external eating, whereas the slim body ideal in the Western
culture contributes to restrained eating”
Judith Stern and Alexandra
Kazaks (Contemporary World Issues: Obesity)
-“The current situation in the
United States encourages energy consumption and discourages energy
expenditure to the point that people who could have maintained a
healthy weight in past decades find it too difficult to do so today”
-Because of today’s marketing
“Americans have easy access to a wide variety of good-tasting,
inexpensive, calorie-rich foods”
Elizabeth Vandewater and Ellen
Wartella (The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Obesity
p350-366)
Brian Wansink (The Oxford
Handbook of the Social Science of Obesity p385-414)
James Sallis et. al. (The
Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Obesity p433-451)
Darius Lakdawalla and Yuhui
Zheng (The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Obesity
p463-479)
C:
What Are the Current Solutions?
i: How Are Solutions
Picked?
a: Cost-effectiveness
Larissa
Roux (The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Obesity
p832-847)
Franco Sassi (Obesity and
the Economics of Prevention: Fit not Fat)
b: Population vs.
Individual
Franco
Sassi (Obesity and the Economics of Prevention: Fit not Fat)
ii: What Are the Most
Prevalent Solutions?
a: Dieting
b: Government Policies
c: Medical Procedures
d: Education
Ron Goetzel
et. al. (The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Obesity
p683-712)
Tamara Brown (The Oxford
Handbook of the Social Science of Obesity p665-682)
iii: Are These
Solutions Effective?
Rebecca Puhl (The Oxford
Handbook of The Social Science of Obesity p553-571)
-”weight stigmatization was
related to greater caloric intake, higher program attrition, lower
energy expenditure, less exercise, and less weight loss among
treatment-seeking overweight and obese adults who participated in a
behavioral weight loss program”
-”national approaches to
obesity primarily address individual behavior and nutrition
education, reinforcing notions of personal responsibility as the
primary cause of obesity”
-”prevention and intervention
efforts often ignore weight stigma and its consequences for obese
children and adults, and federal and state legislative initiatives
related to obesity have largely avoided the broader societal and
environmental conditions that have created obesity in the first
place”
Sahara Byrne and Jeff
Niederdeppe (The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Obesity
p752-770)
D:
Why Are the Solutions Not Working?
i: Is There Something
We're Overlooking?
a: Treating the
results of obesity
rather than its causes
ii: Disembodiment and
Obesity
a: The causes of
obesity overlap with the causes of disembodiment
Julie
Guthman (Weighing In: Obesity, Food Justice, and the Limits of
Capitalism)
-”Rather than viewing the
biological body as either a blank slate for social forces to inscribe
or a preset genetic inscription, it is critical to think about the
body as a site where the biological and the social constantly remake
each other”
Almut Zeecl et. al.
(Emotion and Eating in Binge Eating Disorder and Obesity)
-”Feeling 'satisfied' led to
some protection from a desire to eat”
Judith Stern and Alexandra
Kazaks (Contemporary World Issues: Obesity)
-in calling obesity a disease
people “will inevitably have excuses for not taking ownership for
their lifestyle habits”
III:
The Disembodiment Problem
A:
Why Is Disembodiment A Bad Thing?
i: Inability to think
for ourselves
a: Blaming
b: Creativelessness
ii: “Mind Over
Matter”
iii: The Importance of
the Body
v: Body-Awareness in
Relation to Obesity and other health issues
a: Emotional awareness
b: Habitual Awareness
c: Self/Other
Awareness
d: Internal Physical
Awareness
e: Energetic Awareness
B:
What Is Causing Our Disembodiment
i: Society
a: Capitalism
b: Education
c: Family Values
ii: Religion
a: Jeudo-Christianity
b: Hinduism
c: Buddhism
d: Daoism
iii: Modernization
a: Science
b: Media
c: Luxury
C:
Benefits of Embodiment
i: Creativity
ii: Movement and
Exercise
iii: Higher Self-Esteem
iv: Positive Social
Relationships
v: Behavioral
Regulation
vi: Comfort
vii: Increased
Attention
D:
Is Anything Being Done To Increase and Promote Body Awareness?
i:
In Education?
ii:
In Society?
iii:
In Religion?
IV:
A Solution
A:
Reforming Education
i: Why Education?
a: Developing Children
Kristina
Elfhag et. Al (Family links of eating behavior in normal weight
and overweight children p491-500)
-”Children are likely to adopt
their parents' eating behavior during their own development, in
addition to being influenced by their school environment, peers and
cultural environment”
b: Social
Indoctrination
c:
Creative Development
B:
What Would Be Done?
i: Reforming PE/Health
class
a: Why PE/Health?
- Lack of
Participation
- Not Mentally
Stimulating
- Reinforces social
‘clicks’
Rebecca
Puhl (The Oxford Handbook of The Social Science of Obesity
p553-571)
-”It may be that avoidance of
physical activities and physical education classes is likely due to
the amount of weight-based teasing that overweight students
experience in these settings”
ii: What would be
Changed?
a: Changing PE/Health
into a Somatic Awareness class
-Easy Cost-Effective
Solution
C:
Why A Somatics Class?
i: What Is Somatics?
a: Mind/Body
integration and awareness
b: Approaches to
Holistic Bodyways
ii: How is Somatics
Better than our Current PE/Health Class?
a: Theory vs. Practice
b: Creative approaches
to Exercise
c: A More Holist
Approach to Health and Wellness
d: Focuses on
Individuals in relation to the Group
e: Initiates Full
Creative Participation
f: Beneficial to
Expressive Behaviors and Attitudes
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